European Nations agreed to spend greater than half a trillion euros to blunt the virus’s financial influence.
European Union finance ministers on Thursday agreed to the outlines of a mortgage package deal value greater than half a trillion euros to assist the bloc’s nations relieve the extreme financial blow from the coronavirus pandemic.
The measures, which have to be authorised by the bloc’s leaders, might complete as much as 540 billion euros, or $590 million, a present of solidarity because the financial and well being disaster introduced on by the virus strains bonds among the many member nations.
The settlement contains 100 billion euros to fund unemployment advantages, 200 billion euros for loans to smaller companies, and as much as 240 billion euros loaned by the eurozone’s bailout fund to member states, to cowl doubtlessly crippling healthcare-related prices.
Some particulars, most notably on the phrases and circumstances of loans to nations from the bailout fund, had been nonetheless unclear and will show contentious. Nations like Italy which are prone to faucet these loans need to guarantee they don’t include austerity circumstances connected.
The ministers didn’t comply with subject bonds backed by the complete bloc, which had come to be often known as “coronabonds,” in a defeat for Italy and Spain, the 2 worst-hit nations. Germany, the Netherlands and different richer northern European nations had staunchly opposed joint debt issuance.
European Union leaders are on account of meet subsequent week to approve the package deal and flesh out any remaining particulars, in addition to to determine if some sort of joint bonds may be agreed on, or if the thought might be shelved.
Prime Minister Boris Johnson of Britain was moved out of intensive care on Thursday, providing some aid for a rustic that faces a number of extra weeks below lockdown because the coronavirus dying toll approaches eight,000.
Mr. Johnson was hospitalized on Sunday night after a 10-day bout with the virus, and transferred to the intensive care unit on Monday after his situation deteriorated. On Thursday, his workplace mentioned the prime minister, 55, had been moved again to a ward at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London and was in “extraordinarily good spirits.”
Dominic Raab, Britain’s caretaker chief, didn’t supply a timetable for the prime minister to renew his duties. He additionally signaled that the federal government would prolong the nation’s lockdown past subsequent week.
Mr. Raab, the international secretary, mentioned the federal government wouldn’t raise restrictions on April 13, the date the prime minister had set when he imposed the measures final month. The lockdown now seems prone to final a number of extra weeks.
“Is it time to ease up on the principles?” Mr. Raab mentioned to reporters at 10 Downing Road. “We’re not carried out but. We’ve obtained to maintain going.”
Mr. Johnson should be convalescing as the federal government faces probably the most delicate selections of the pandemic: when, and the way, to reopen the British financial system. The cupboard plans to make that evaluation on the finish of subsequent week.
The talk over the best way to raise the lockdown is replete with commerce offs. Lifting it too quickly, consultants mentioned, might reignite the contagion; leaving it in place for too lengthy might drive many firms into insolvency.
With temperatures anticipated to achieve as much as 77 levels Fahrenheit this weekend, the general public has been urged to remain at residence. The mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, requested the general public on Wednesday to chorus from sunbathing, having barbecues in parks and taking part in staff sports activities.
Britain reported its highest each day dying toll from the virus on Wednesday, with 938 deaths recorded in hospitals in 24 hours. Nearly 900 extra had been reported on Thursday.
Chancellor Angela Merkel expressed “cautious hope” that Germans had been stopping the unfold of the coronavirus from straining the well being system and slowing the an infection price, however warned that the numbers had been no trigger for abandoning severe restrictions on social contact and private freedoms.
“The newest developments give us cause for cautious hope,” Ms. Merkel mentioned. “The numbers are a sign that measures are working.”
However with the lengthy Easter weekend approaching, and summerlike temperatures forecast, she cautioned Germans to not give in to the temptation to roam outdoors and congregate.
“We will’t be reckless, we are able to’t enable ourselves to be lulled right into a false sense of safety,” she warned at a information convention. “I do know this from private expertise: you may have slightly little bit of hope, you then achieve confidence, then you’re a little bit extra relaxed inside after which you’re a little bit reckless.”
The each day tally of latest infections in Germany has dropped from as many as 7,000 to a median of about four,000 prior to now week. Different hard-hit nations in Europe have seen comparable declines.
German authorities have credited early planning, widespread testing and a strong well being system with leading to a low dying toll in comparison with neighboring nations. In Germany, greater than 2,000 folks have died of Covid-19, the illness attributable to the virus, in comparison with about 7,000 in Britain, 11,000 in France, 15,000 in Spain and virtually 18,000 in Italy, based on a New York Times database.
The chancellor mentioned her authorities was working to acquire extra masks and protecting tools from overseas, in addition to trying into methods to extend home manufacturing, to satisfy home and European wants.
Not way back, the one medical masks seen on European streets had been worn by Asian vacationers, who typically encountered a Western cultural bias in opposition to them. Not.
On March 18, the Czech Republic grew to become the primary nation in Europe to make public mask-wearing obligatory, adopted by Slovakia on March 25 and Turkey final Friday.
On Sunday, officers in stricken Lombardy, in northern Italy, required masks. The following day, Austria made them compulsory in supermarkets and drugstores, and that may apply to public transportation customers subsequent week.
It’s a “huge adjustment,” mentioned Austria’s chancellor, Sebastian Kurz, as a result of “masks are alien to our tradition.”
Acceptance of masks is even taking maintain, haltingly, in France, which in 2011 grew to become the primary European nation to ban public face coverings, largely in response to Muslim ladies carrying veils.
On Wednesday, Sceaux, a small metropolis close to Paris, grew to become the primary French municipality to require masks in public. The southern metropolis of Good will make them obligatory subsequent week. The mayor of Paris mentioned on Tuesday that two million reusable fabric masks can be distributed there.
France’s Academy of Drugs has recommended that masks be required nationwide. The federal government has not gone that far, but it surely has urged folks to put on them, simply because the U.S. authorities has.
That’s fairly a turnabout. A number of weeks in the past, the French authorities was discouraging the usage of masks, insisting that it served no goal.
Early within the epidemic, some consultants suggested that there was little profit to wholesome folks carrying masks, however that view has shifted because the virus has unfold.
Masks are generally worn in public throughout a lot of Asia, and the dialogue of them in Europe typically activates variations in how cultures stability particular person rights in opposition to the collective good.
Main oil-producing nations agreed on Thursday to chop manufacturing to about 10 p.c lower than regular ranges, making an attempt to deal with a glut that has depressed costs, based on an individual with information of the matter.
The Group of the Petroleum Exporting Nations, Russia and others agreed to the lower in a teleconference called by Saudi Arabia, OPEC’s de facto chief, after President Trump spoke to Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the dominion’s fundamental policymaker, by phone.
The nations agreed to cut back manufacturing by about 10 million barrels a day, and additional trims might emerge from a gathering of the Group of 20 nations on Friday.
Oil costs gyrated all through the day, as hopes for a deal waxed and waned. Information of the deal emerged late within the afternoon.
Demand for oil has dropped sharply because the outbreak has shut down broad swaths of the world’s financial system. As well as, Russia and Saudi Arabia have been engaged in a value warfare, after Moscow refused to go together with a Saudi proposal in early March to trim output to cope with the pandemic.
Already overburdened Mexican hospitals are contending with a brand new risk within the combat in opposition to coronavirus: assaults and discrimination in opposition to well being care staff. In latest weeks, authorities officers have reported a number of situations of discrimination and violence in opposition to medical personnel by individuals who concern that the virus will unfold from hospitals into native communities.
Nurses have been kicked off public transportation, doused with chlorine and assaulted. In Guadalajara, nurses are altering out of their uniforms after their shifts in order that they aren’t attacked on their method residence. State authorities have arrange particular buses to make sure that well being staff can safely journey to and from work.
“Violence ought to by no means be tolerated even when we’re afraid of being contaminated by Coronavirus,” Edith Mujica Chávez, the top of the division of nurses in Jalisco, wrote in a letter to fellow well being officers final month. “As well being care staff, we now have confronted disinformation and panic locally, together with bodily and verbal aggression.”
On Monday, the Mexican authorities condemned the assaults, noting in a press release that “interfering with the functioning and operation of hospital infrastructure devoted to coping with the well being emergency presently weakens the capability of the response that the general public wants.”
Deputy well being minister Hugo López-Gatell mentioned in a information convention this week that there have solely been remoted incidents thus far. “Concern produces irrational reactions,” Mr. López-Gatell mentioned.
Coronavirus circumstances have climbed sharply in Mexico, the place testing has been scarce and the federal authorities moved slowly to implement social distancing measures. On Wednesday, Mr. López Gatell mentioned that whereas there are solely three,181 confirmed circumstances within the nation, the well being ministry estimates “affordable certainty” there are as many as 26,529 Mexicans contaminated with the virus.
Palestinians concern a coming coronavirus storm.
As many as 150,000 West Financial institution residents who ordinarily work in Israel or Israeli settlements are important to the West Financial institution financial system, bringing in an estimated $2.5 billion a 12 months.
However after outbreaks at two kosher chicken slaughterhouses on the Israeli facet that sickened dozens of Palestinian staff, it has grow to be clear that also they are bringing again one thing else: The coronavirus.
Returning staff accounted for at the very least a 3rd of the recognized circumstances on the West Financial institution, together with its solely dying, Palestinian officers say. Only some hundred infections have been confirmed there, although testing has been very restricted, in comparison with about 10,000 in Israel.
At first, Palestinian officers anticipated Israel to look after any staff who contracted the virus. However after an ailing employee was unceremoniously dumped at a checkpoint by the Israeli police (he later examined unfavorable), the prime minister of the Palestinian Authority, Muhammad Shtayyeh, reversed himself and urged staff to return to the West Financial institution for their very own security.
Now, nevertheless, the concern is that many will take his recommendation — and that giant numbers of returning staff might show unwitting carriers of the virus. That will rapidly overwhelm the West Financial institution’s underequipped hospitals.
The stress on the Palestinian facet is exhibiting itself in a ratcheting up of rhetoric that belies the shut cooperation between Israeli and West Financial institution officers behind the scenes — cooperation that the United Nations has publicly praised.
Some 13 p.c of earnings earned by West Financial institution residents comes from jobs in Israel or Israeli settlements.
The extent of the financial calamity dealing with america grew to become even clearer on Thursday, because the U.S. Labor Division reported that one other 6.6 million folks had filed for unemployment benefits final week.
Greater than 16 million People have misplaced their jobs in simply three weeks, practically double the quantity throughout the complete Nice Recession.
In Washington, Republicans and Democrats clashed over the terms of a request from the White Home for an additional $250 billion for a small enterprise mortgage program.
Amid the controversy, First Girl Melania Trump tweeted a photo of herself in a disposable face masks, advising People to observe the most recent recommendation from the Facilities for Illness Management and Prevention to put on fabric masks in public. Mr. Trump has said he won’t accomplish that himself.
The death toll throughout the nation, rising by properly over a thousand a day, topped 15,000 on Thursday and confirmed no signal of abating. New York State, the epicenter of the outbreak, reported 799 extra deaths from the illness, the very best single-day determine thus far.
However in a potential signal that social distancing measures had been working, hospitalizations have slowed, Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo said on Thursday. If the pattern continues, the variety of folks in hospitals will quickly begin to decline, an indication that the virus has handed its apex.
Mr. Cuomo cautioned that whereas New York would doubtless have sufficient hospital beds and ventilators to deal with sufferers if present traits held, the state nonetheless didn’t have the assets it wanted if probably the most drastic projections of the virus’s unfold held.
As america and Europe compete to amass scarce medical tools to fight the unfold of the coronavirus, poorer nations are losing out to wealthier ones within the world scrum for masks and testing supplies.
As wealthier nations face accusations of “modern piracy” for making an attempt to safe medical provides for their very own folks, producers say orders for important testing kits can’t be crammed in Africa and Latin America as a result of virtually every thing they produce goes to America or Europe. UNICEF says it’s making an attempt to purchase 240 million masks to assist 100 nations, however has thus far solely managed to supply round 28 million.
“There’s a warfare happening behind the scenes, and we’re most nervous about poorer nations dropping out,” mentioned Dr. Catharina Boehme, the chief govt of Basis for Progressive New Diagnostics, which collaborates with the World Well being Group in serving to poorer nations achieve entry to medical assessments.
The provision divide issues partly as a result of testing is the primary protection in opposition to the virus, and an vital instrument to cease so many sufferers from ending up in hospital.
Thus far the growing world has reported far fewer circumstances and deaths from the coronavirus than the wealthy one, but when the pandemic hits more durable it will show devastating in nations whose well being programs are already fragile and underfunded. A recent study discovered that some poor nations have just one geared up intensive care mattress per million residents.
Surges in East Asia present how exhausting it’s to maintain management of the epidemic.
Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, which had been remarkably profitable at limiting the epidemic in its early levels, have had a surge in circumstances within the final two weeks, exhibiting how exhausting it’s to maintain out a contagion that continues to unfold worldwide.
The principle perpetrator is worldwide journey, although all three locations had been among the many earliest to impose restrictions on journey, first from Hubei province in China, then from different scorching spots and, by late March, from wherever on the earth.
In Hong Kong and Taiwan, officers say new infections acquired overseas have far outnumbered these picked up domestically. At first, the identical was true in Singapore, however then it had a pointy spike in “neighborhood transmission” — significantly in dormitories for migrant staff.
The travel-related circumstances have primarily been amongst long-term residents coming back from Britain and america. A whole bunch had been college students going to high school overseas.
The three locations have been among the many most vigilant in imposing social distancing, monitoring individuals who check constructive and tracing their contacts. Regardless of the latest will increase, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong have far decrease charges of an infection than many developed nations.
Botswana’s complete Parliament is ordered into quarantine.
Botswana has positioned all members of its Parliament in obligatory quarantine for potential coronavirus publicity, in one of many world’s largest such actions involving authorities officers.
The director of well being companies, Dr. Malaki Tshipayagae, ordered all 57 lawmakers into isolation after a parliamentary well being employee examined constructive for Covid-19, the respiratory sickness attributable to the coronavirus. The well being skilled, who was on responsibility at a parliamentary session on Wednesday, was one in all seven new circumstances the nation announced on Thursday.
Botswana, in southern Africa, has thus far introduced 13 circumstances and one dying. It’s below a state of emergency, with a lot of the air, rail and street journey to and from the nation closed indefinitely. In late March, President Mokgweetsi Masisi went into self-quarantine after visiting neighboring Namibia to attend the inauguration of President Hage Geingob.
Not less than 5 cupboard members in Burkina Faso have examined constructive for the virus, as have three state governors in Nigeria and the president’s chief of staff.
Thus far, 52 African states have reported a complete of greater than 10,000 circumstances and 487 deaths, based on the Africa Facilities for Illness Management and Prevention. The restricted extent of testing means that the true figures are a lot greater.
Newest science information: Analysis exhibits N.Y. circumstances are primarily linked to Europe, not Asia.
New analysis signifies that the coronavirus started to flow into within the New York space by mid-February, weeks earlier than the primary confirmed case there, and that vacationers introduced it primarily from Europe, not Asia.
Groups on the Icahn College of Drugs at Mount Sinai and N.Y.U. Grossman College of Drugs — each in New York however working individually, on totally different teams of circumstances — got here to strikingly related conclusions about genomes from coronaviruses taken from residents of town beginning in mid-March.
Among the many highlights:
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Some strains of the virus present in New York had been virtually an identical to ones in Europe. They reveal a interval of untracked world transmission beginning in late January, greater than a month earlier than america blocked most journey from Europe.
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Different viruses had been an identical to ones seen in Washington State, hinting that the virus additionally doubtless moved throughout america for weeks.
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That early unfold might need been detected if aggressive testing packages had been put in place.
The researchers cautioned that whereas the mutations they studied are helpful for telling lineages aside, they don’t have any obvious impact on how the virus works. That’s excellent news for scientists engaged on a vaccine. In one other promising signal for vaccine makers, the virus additionally seems to mutate pretty slowly, in contrast to influenza.
Greater than two dozen firms have introduced promising vaccine programs in latest weeks, dashing by the early levels of testing in contrast to ever earlier than.
The director-general of the World Well being Group, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, mentioned on Wednesday that he had been focused by racist feedback and dying threats that originated in Taiwan, prior to now three months, together with being referred to as “a Negro.”
Dr. Tedros singled out the Taiwanese authorities, which has been frozen out of the W.H.O. after strain from Beijing.
“They didn’t disassociate themselves,” he mentioned of Taiwanese officers. “They even began criticizing me in the course of all that insult and slur, however I didn’t care.”
He mentioned at a coronavirus information briefing on Wednesday that whereas he didn’t care in regards to the private assaults, he couldn’t settle for disparagement in opposition to all black folks.
“When the entire black neighborhood is insulted, when Africa is insulted, then I don’t tolerate it,” he mentioned.
Taiwan’s president, Tsai Ing-wen, hit again on Thursday, writing on Facebook: “Taiwan has all the time opposed all types of discrimination. For years, we now have been excluded from worldwide organizations, and we all know higher than anybody else what it feels prefer to be discriminated in opposition to and remoted.”
Dr. Tedros additionally made an impassioned plea for solidarity, warning that politicizing the coronavirus pandemic would lead to “many extra physique baggage.”
He made his feedback after President Trump unleashed a tirade against the organization on Tuesday, accusing it of appearing too slowly to sound the alarm, and of treating the Chinese language authorities too favorably. Whereas the president, who threatened to withhold American funding for the group, spoke in unusually harsh phrases, he was not alone in such criticism.
Critics say that the W.H.O. has been too trusting of the Chinese government, which initially tried to hide the outbreak. Others have faulted the group for not shifting sooner in declaring a world well being emergency.
Requested about Mr. Trump’s feedback on Wednesday, Dr. Tedros mentioned: “Please don’t politicize this virus. If you wish to be exploited and also you need to have many extra physique baggage, you then do it. In case you don’t need many extra physique baggage, you then chorus from politicizing it.”
African leaders got here to Dr. Tedros’s protection, with state and authorities leaders from South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Rwanda saying that they had full confidence within the W.H.O. and its chief.
Moussa Faki Mahamat, the chairman of the African Union, mentioned on Twitter: “The main target ought to stay on collectively combating Covid-19 as a united world neighborhood. The time for accountability will come.”
Greater than 50 African states have so far reported a complete of 10,252 coronavirus circumstances and 492 deaths, based on the Africa Facilities for Illness Management and Prevention. On Thursday, the World Financial institution mentioned sub-Saharan Africa would suffer its first recession for 25 years as a consequence of the outbreak.
Within the Spanish metropolis of Seville, Holy Week is well known by processions of hooded penitents that draw lots of of hundreds of trustworthy and vacationers onto the streets of town for the Easter spectacle.
However the festivities and the idea of penitence, a serious theme of the week, have acquired a particular that means throughout a nationwide coronavirus lockdown, because the trustworthy should keep residence fairly than meander by town to the sound of drums and trumpets alongside richly embellished floats. The celebrations are led by brotherhoods, associations shaped by residents whose fundamental process is to arrange spiritual occasions, significantly throughout Holy Week.
“That is an unprecedented state of affairs through which we have to put together for a for much longer interval of penitence, additionally due to the financial hardship that awaits us even after the virus has gone,” mentioned Alejandro López, spokesman of the Macarena brotherhood, the biggest in Seville, with about 15,000 members.
The processions are sometimes staggered all through Holy Week, and the Macarena’s was to happen at midnight Thursday. However with its basilica closed, the brotherhood will as an alternative stream video on-line from the church.
For many who have spent months making ready for the procession, “there isn’t a doubt some internal emotions of nostalgia and disappointment,” mentioned Mr. López. “However we’re all mature Christians.”
Not everybody has heeded the lockdown measures, and final Sunday, officers broke up a Mass on a Seville rooftop with a dozen folks. The police have been intervening to halt any spiritual occasion that might breach the principles of the nationwide lockdown.
Spain continues to be within the grip of a serious outbreak: On Thursday, the nation handed the grim milestone of 15,000 lifeless, with 683 extra fatalities reported in a single day.
As coronavirus circumstances climb in India, the nation’s high political leaders have indicated 21-day nationwide lockdown that’s set to run out subsequent week would most probably proceed in some kind.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi informed authorities ministers on Wednesday full lifting of the lockdown “is not possible,” based on Indian information stories and individuals who participated within the assembly.
“The precedence of the federal government is to avoid wasting every life,” Mr. Modi was quoted as saying. “The state of affairs within the nation is akin to a ‘social emergency.’ It has necessitated robust selections and we should proceed to stay vigilant.”
India’s lockdown, which is in impact till April 15 and applies to all 1.three billion Indians, was probably the most extreme motion undertaken wherever to cease the unfold of the coronavirus. Borders between states had been closed. Colleges, places of work, factories, parks, eating places and airspace have all shut.
On high of that, the cities of Mumbai and New Delhi mandated this week that people wear face masks once they go away their houses. And on Thursday, the federal government of Uttar Pradesh, India’s largest state, mentioned that residents should keep indoors and permit solely important gadgets like meals to be delivered.
Although India nonetheless has a comparatively small variety of infections — 178 deaths and fewer than 6,000 confirmed circumstances as of Thursday — consultants warn that widespread transmission of the coronavirus might be disastrous in a rustic the place tens of millions of individuals dwell in dense slums, social distancing is commonly not possible and the well being care system is overburdened.
The Australian authorities on Wednesday boarded the cruise ship Ruby Princess, which is docked off the nation’s east coast, and seized the vessel’s “black field” as a part of a murder investigation into how contaminated passengers had been allowed to disembark final month.
The ship allowed about 2,700 untested passengers to disembark in Sydney. A whole bunch later examined constructive for the coronavirus, inflicting circumstances within the state of New South Wales to skyrocket. Fifteen of them later died.
It’s the deadliest single supply of an infection in Australia, which had 50 deaths and more than 6,000 cases as of Thursday.
The authorities try to find out whether or not the variety of potential coronavirus circumstances aboard the Ruby Princess was performed down earlier than it docked. They boarded the ship to assemble proof, together with a black field much like these utilized in plane, and to talk with its captain.
The authorities say greater than 1,000 crew members, many from different nations, are nonetheless on the ship, and that plenty of them have contracted the coronavirus.
Dean Summers, the Australia coordinator for the Worldwide Transport Employees’ Federation, mentioned plenty of them had been “utterly confused” and determined to be examined for the virus.
“That ship clearly has big publicity to coronavirus,” he mentioned. “Why wasn’t anyone examined?”
Even after Japan declared a state of emergency to combat the coronavirus pandemic in its largest inhabitants facilities earlier this week, the central authorities is urging governors to attend two weeks to ask companies to shut for concern of damaging the financial system.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe formally introduced the emergency declarations earlier this week for seven prefectures that embody Tokyo, Kobe, Osaka and Yokohama and characterize a inhabitants of 56.1 million folks. The federal government doesn’t have the authorized energy to subject stay-at-home orders or compel companies to shut, however governors can request that companies droop operations to assist include the unfold of an infection.
Whereas a few of the governors need to ask companies to shut now, the central authorities needs them to attend to see if particular person residents will flatten the curve of infections by refraining from going outdoors and dealing from residence. On Thursday, the well being ministry introduced 511 newly confirmed circumstances — a 46 p.c soar over a day earlier.
One municipality is taking issues into its personal arms. Gotemba, a metropolis of about 88,000 within the foothills of Mount Fuji, is providing house owners of companies akin to bars and nightclubs a most of 1 million yen (about $9,200) in compensation for closing between April 16 and 30.
The best way to have fun in coronavirus instances.
Keep-at-home orders don’t need to put a damper in your particular days. Right here’s some methods to have fun birthdays, weddings, and the upcoming spring holidays.
Reporting was contributed by Natalie Kitroeff, Paulina Villegas, Matina Stevis-Gridneff, Jane Bradley, Stephen Fort, Okay.Okay. Rebecca Lai, Abdi Latif Dahir, Vivian Yee, Melissa Eddy, Raphael Minder, Ceylan Yeginsu, Iliana Magra, Richard C. Paddock, Mike Ives, Megan Specia, Yonette Joseph, Kai Schultz, Elaine Yu, Motoko Wealthy, Hisako Ueno, Makiko Inoue, Rory Smith, Tariq Panja, Livia Albeck-Ripka, Carl Zimmer, James Gorman, Michael Levenson, Dan Barry, Ben Hubbard, Stanley Reed, Clifford Krauss, Andrew E. Kramer, Dionne Searcey, Ruth Maclean, Denise Grady, Katie Thomas, Patrick J. Lyons, Karen Zraick, Richard Pérez-Peña, Mohammed Najib, David M. Halbfinger, Melissa Eddy, Christopher F. Schuetze, Mark Landler, Fixed Meheut and Norimitsu Onishi.